Models
The models that we are using and/or developing and the time frames these are being applied to are:
- COPSE: The Phanerozoic (550–0 Ma), Neoproterozoic (1000–550 Ma) and the future lifespan of the biosphere (the next ~1000 yr).
- The Redfield model: The past ~120 Ma including the Mid-Cretaceous (120–80 Ma).
- ESMdt: The Archean (4.0–2.5 Ga) and Paleoproterozoic (2.5–1.6 Ga) with plans to merge it with COPSE to span Earth history.
- GENIE: The Quaternary, Anthropocene, and snapshots of Earth history.
- Simple Earth System Model: The Anthropocene, from 1800 A.D. to the end of this millennium (3000 A.D.), soon to be extended to ~10 kyr into the future.
These can be placed within a wider spectrum of Earth system models:
The models span different timescales with differing degress of complexity in terms of comprehensiveness (number of processes represented), dimensionality, and spatial resolution. The Redfield model, ESMdt, COPSE and SESM are all zero-dimensional box models ar present, whereas GENIE has a 3D ocean, 2D land surface and either a 2D (single vertical layer) or 3D atmosphere.